1944
On April 16, 1945, the Red Army launched its final offensive, breaking through the German defenses at the Seelow Heights. It was a hallmark of Soviet military doctrine to pound enemy positions with thousands of artillery shells and rockets before initiating a ground assault. Adolf Hitler and his Army General Staff had been working for some time from the depths of an underground fortification, planning and strategizing the defense of the capital of the Third Reich. Hitler remained under the delusion that a formidable Wunderwaffe was on the verge of being produced—one that would defeat the enemy and bring a new dawn to Germany. Although the bunker could withstand powerful direct impacts, the artillery bombardment rocked the ground, generating small tremors. By April 18, the inhabitants of the underground fortress had become accustomed to the thunderous explosions. “Bormann, as soon as Speer arrives, send him to the map room,” Hitler said. Abruptly, he turned on his heel and stopped. Mart...